Reusing organic wastes such as sewage sludge is a good way of returning organic matter and nutrients into soil. However, the likelihood of heavy metal accumulation in soil and the subsequent contamination of human and animal food chains should be determined before any attempt is made to reuse organic wastes. The purpose of this greenhouse study was to investigate the impact of sewage sludge from the effluent of Isfahan Polyacryl Corp. on yield and shoot Cadmium concentrations in corn as compared to the animal manure and mineral salt of Cadmium. A completely randomized design with three treatments (cow manure, sewage sludge at 25 Mg/ha, and 5 and 10 mg/kg Cd as CdCl2) was used. Corn seedlings were harvested 60 days after planting and Cd concentration was measured in the shoot. Application of animal manure and sewage sludge significantly increased corn biomass. Cadmium increment, in both organic and mineral salt treatments, significantly increased Cadmium concentration in the corn shoot. The plant Cadmium concentration in the soil treated with industrial sewage sludge and CdCl2 were significantly higher than that treated with animal manure.

Background: Cadmium is an essential component of industrial and non-industrial materials including foods, water, drinks, and cigarettes. Reports have shown the Teratogenic effects of Cadmium, thus the present study was carried out with the aim of determining the effects Cadmium chloride on cochlear development in male mouse fetus.Materials and methods: In this experimental study 30 male mouse fetuses of balb/ c race were included Samples were divided in-three groups of control. Experiment I, and Experiment II. Experiment groups have received Cadmium chloride with the dosage of 3mg/kg and 5mg/kg intraperitonealy at the 9th day pregnancy, respectively. The control group received distilled water. Six days later, mice were killed ether and their fetuses were removed and kept fixative. Finally, specimens were prepared and stained by H&E. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and sche.ffe tests.Results: Cochleal surface was significantly reduced in Experiments groups comparing to the control (p<0.05), meanwhile, the spiral ganglion surface was significantly reduced, top (p<0.01 and p<0.003). The ecochleal diameter has not differed among the groups (NS). The organ of corti in Experiment II group was smaller than that of control group (p<0.02).Conclusion: Cadmium chloride can cause degenerative changes on cochlear development al mouse fetus. Further studies regarding the effects of Cadmium chloride on neural the deformity and hearing dysfunction are strongly recommended.

chloride salinity has been strongly related to enhanced Cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants due to increased solubility in the soil solution, even in agricultural soil with very low levels of Cadmium. This finding is relevant because the Cadmium content of food crops is an important concern for human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict and discuss the chlorine-enhanced uptake of Cadmium by two common crops: maize and tobacco under “non-saline” (1 mM) and “very strongly saline” (200 mM) scenarios using a modified ‘biotic ligand model’ and datasets from a set of soil and hydroponic experiments. Results indicated that predicted Cadmium uptake rates (expressed as Cadmium in plant μmol m-2 root) by maize and tobacco plants were consistently higher (54 and 15%, respectively) assuming conditions of ‘very strong salinity’ soil compared to the simulated ‘non-saline’ soil. In the light of the results of the present research, valuable information is given on modeled Cadmium phytoavailability as an indication of the potential risk due to increased Cadmium uptake by crops under saline conditions, especially as the enhancement of Cadmium uptake in the presence of Cl-salinity may be a general trend that occurs in many edible crops. The biotic ligand model parameterization applied in the present study attempted to simulate conditions commonly found in natural Cadmium and salt-affected soils. However, caution is needed to extrapolate results obtained from these models to real soil conditions.

In the twentieth century, soil quality and health declining has become a major challenge due to application of poor and polluted water sources. Accordingly, the effect of different concentrations of cobalt chloride and Cadmium chloride in irrigation water (0 (control), 100, 200 and 400 mM) on some soil microbial indices during vegetative growth of the medicinal Savory plant (Satureja hortensis L. ), in two separate experiments was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty in Ilam. The experiments were done in 5 kg-pots with 26 cm in height and 30 cm in diameter and longed for two months in 2014. The results showed the highest values of basal respiration rate and substrate induced respiration in the control and the lowest values of these two indices in 400 mM concentrations of Cadmium chloride and cobalt chloride. In terms of soil microbial biomass carbon, the highest value (308 mg. kg-1 soil) and the lowest value (190 mg. kg-1 soil) were found in the control and 400 mM concentration of Cadmium chloride salt solution, respectively. The highest (27 mg. kg-1 soil) and the lowest (14 mg. kg-1 soil) values of soil microbial biomass nitrogen were found in control and 400 mM concentration of Cadmium chloride, respectively. As well as, the lowest (19 mg. kg-1 soil) amount of soil microbial biomass nitrogen was obtained in 400 mM concentration of cobalt chloride salt solution. The highest amount of microbial quotient, metabolic coefficient and microbial biomass were observed in the control treatment. The microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen ratio increased by irrigation water with different concentrations of cobalt chloride. Increasing the concentrations of Cadmium chloride and cobalt chloride showed a negative effect on the microbial quality of the soil, which will pay more attention to the quality of irrigation water for health and quality of the soil microbial community, and hence the quality and overall health of the plant, and ultimately represent health and food safety.

Adult males are considered the main causes of infertility defects in the world,therefore, scientists are searching for factors that play a role in male fertility, such as kisspeptin, which acts as one of the master controllers and regulators of gonadotropin secretion from the hypothalamus in mammalian species. Furthermore, it has been shown that the kisspeptin receptor is mainly localized in the interstitial and germ cells of the testicles and has a role in the regulation of gonadal development and function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of kisspeptin on testicular degeneration syndrome induced by Cadmium chloride in male Wistar rats and identify the best concentration of kisspeptin to cure this syndrome. A total of 40 male rats were divided into four equal groups of negative control (n=10) that was injected subcutaneously (SC) with normal saline solution twice a week for 42 days,positive control (n=10) that was intraperitoneally injected with Cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg B. W., once a week for two weeks),T1 that was intraperitoneally injected with Cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg B. W., once a week for two weeks), and after 14 days, 20 nmol/rat of kisspeptins were injected SC twice a week for 42 days in all animals,and T2 that was intraperitoneally injected with Cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg B. W. once a week for two weeks), and after 14 days, 40 nmol/rat of kisspeptins were injected SC twice a week for 42 days in all animals. All animals were then euthanized after 42 days, and their testes were dissected for a histological study. The results of the present study confirmed that Cadmium chloride affected the male testes and sperm parameters, while the administration of kisspeptin at doses of 20 and 40 nmol/rat (twice a week) by SC injection showed a significant effect in restoring the reproduction feature and histology of the rats' testicular tissue.

Background and Objective: The consequence of excessive usage of phosphate fertilizers, in addition to the accumulation of phosphorous in excess, is to create competition with the absorption of micronutrients, especially zinc and, most importantly, the accumulation of pollutants such as Cadmium in agricultural products. This study was done to determine the effect of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Curcumin on the levels of liver enzymes in rats treated with Cadmium chloride.Methods: This experimental study was done on 56 adult male Wistar rats which allocated into 8 equal groups including control group: animals in this group were received normal saline, intraperitonally. Sham: animals in this group were received olive oil, intraperitonally. Cadmium group: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw, intraperitonally. Curcumin group: animals in this group were received 120 mg/kg/bw of Curcumin, intraperitonally. The interventional group 1: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw, and 30 mg/kg Curcumin, intraperitonally. The interventional group 2: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw and 60 mg/kg/bw of Curcumin, intraperitonally. The interventional group 3: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw and 120 mg/kg/bw of Curcumin, intraperitonally. After 21 days, the rats were sacrified and the liver enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured by spectrophotometer method.Results: The concentration of AST, ALT and ALP in Cadmium group were significantly increased in compare to controls (P<0.05). The concentration of liver enzymes in Curcumin group was reduced in compare to controls (P<0.05). The enzymes concentration in the interventional groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly reduced in compare to the Cadmium group (P<0.05). The enzymes concentration in the interventional groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly increased in compare to controls (P<0.05).Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic Curcumin extract can reduces the increasing of liver enzymes induced by Cadmium in rats.

Objective: Heavy metals and environmental pollutants, such as Cadmium chloride, congenital disorders, and certain diseases, can lead to infertility in men. In this study, the effects of lupeol (an active pentacyclic triterpenoid with antioxidant properties) on testicular injuries induced by Cadmium chloride were investigated in male rats. Materials and Methods: Lupeol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, and the experiment included 40 male Wistar rats divided into 8 groups (healthy control, healthy rats treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of lupeol, Cadmium chloride, and three groups that received Cadmium chloride and were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of lupeol). After oral treatment, rats were anesthetized, and blood and testicular tissue sampling was done. Subsequent analysis of oxidative stress enzymes, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), testosterone, sperm motility, and Aquaporin 9 (AQ9) levels was performed using ELISA, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry techniques, respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining was done for expression of Aquaporin 9 in seminiferous tubules. Results: The results showed that compared to the healthy control, Cadmium chloride caused a significant decrease in SOD, testosterone, sperm motility, and sperm vitality, with severe destruction of spermatogenic tubes and a significant increase in MDA and AQ9 rate. Rats which were treated with Cadmium chloride+400 mg/kg of lupeol showed a significant increase in SOD, testosterone, histopathology, sperm motility, and sperm vitality rate, and significant organization of spermatogenic tubes in testis tissue. There was also a decrease in MDA and AQ9 of rats that received high-dose lupeol. (P<0.001) Conclusion: This study suggests that lupeol has a high potential for improving male reproduction and antioxidants in rats exposed to oxidative stress.